生成中...【新闻趣读】冰川融化让瑞士村民集体"搬家"！300年历史的Blatten村被山体滑坡瞬间抹平，村民不仅丢了祖传三代的旅馆，连儿时玩耍的小巷都成了"限量版回忆"。重建费用高达每人100万美元，瑞士人吵翻了：这钱到底该不该花？专家警告说随着冰川消融，这样的"山村消失术"会越来越常见。不过村民们倒是很倔强："爷爷辈和山生活，爸爸辈和山生活，我们孩子辈也要和山生活！"（友情提示：想在阿尔卑斯山买房的朋友，建议先查查地质报告）
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Melting glaciers threaten to wipe out European villages - is the steep cost to protect them worth it?
冰川融化威胁欧洲村庄存亡——高昂保护成本值得吗？
1 day ago Share Save Imogen Foulkes Geneva correspondent Share Save
1天前 分享 保存 日内瓦记者伊莫金·福克斯 分享 保存
BBC
BBC
In a small village in Switzerland's beautiful Loetschental valley, Matthias Bellwald walks down the main street and is greeted every few steps by locals who smile or offer a handshake or friendly word. Mr Bellwald is a mayor, but this isn't his village. Two months ago his home, three miles away in Blatten, was wiped off the map when part of the mountain and glacier collapsed into the valley. The village's 300 residents had been evacuated days earlier, after geologists warned that the mountain was increasingly unstable. But they lost their homes, their church, their hotels and their farms. Lukas Kalbermatten also lost the hotel that had been in his family for three generations."The feeling of the village, all the small alleys through the houses, the church, the memories you had when you played there as a child… all this is gone."
在瑞士美丽的勒琴河谷，Matthias Bellwald走在主街上，每几步就有当地人微笑、握手或问候。这位市长两个月前失去了自己的家园——三英里外的Blatten村因山体冰川崩塌从地图上消失。300名村民虽提前撤离，但失去了家园、教堂、旅馆和农场。Lukas Kalbermatten家族经营三代的旅馆也化为乌有："村庄的感觉、房屋间的小巷、教堂、儿时玩耍的记忆...全都消失了。"
Hotel Edelweiss Blatten's residents were evacuated days before the disaster
雪绒花旅馆 Blatten村民在灾难前几天撤离
Today, he is living in borrowed accommodation in the village of Wiler. Mr Bellwald has a temporary office there too, where he is supervising the massive clean-up operation - and the rebuild. The good news is, he believes the site can be cleared by 2028, with the first new houses ready by 2029. But it comes with a hefty pricetag. Rebuilding Blatten is estimated to cost hundreds of millions of dollars, perhaps as much as $1 million (USD) per resident. Voluntary contributions from the public quickly raised millions of Swiss francs to help those who had lost their homes. The federal government and the canton promised financial support too. But some in Switzerland are asking: is it worth it?
如今他暂住在Wiler村的借住地。Bellwald市长在此设立临时办公室，监督清理和重建工作。好消息是他认为2028年可完成清理，2029年建成首批新房。但重建Blatten预计耗资数亿美元，人均成本或达百万美元。公众捐款迅速筹集数百万瑞郎，联邦和州政府也承诺资助。但瑞士国内出现质疑：这值得吗？
Shutterstock Houses were destroyed after a large part of Blatten was buried under masses of ice, mud, and rock
Shutterstock Blatten大部分地区被冰泥石掩埋后房屋损毁
Though the disaster shocked Switzerland, some two thirds of the country is mountainous, and climate scientists warn that the glaciers and the permafrost – the glue that holds the mountains together – are thawing as the global temperature increases, making landslides more likely. Protecting areas will be costly. Switzerland spends almost $500m a year on protective structures, but a report carried out in 2007 for the Swiss parliament suggested real protection against natural hazards could cost six times that. Is that a worthwhile investment? Or should the country - and residents - really consider the painful option of abandoning some of their villages?
尽管灾难震惊瑞士，但这个三分之二国土为山地的国家正面临冰川和冻土融化威胁。气候学家警告全球变暖使山体更易滑坡。防护成本高昂——瑞士每年投入近5亿美元建设防护设施，但2007年议会报告显示全面防护需六倍于此的资金。这是值得的投资，还是该考虑放弃部分村庄？
The day the earth shook
地动山摇之日
The Alps are an integral part of Swiss identity. Each valley, like the Loetschental, has its own culture. Mr Kalbermatten used to take pride in showing hotel guests the ancient wooden houses in Blatten. Sometimes he taught them a few words of Leetschär, the local dialect. Losing Blatten, and the prospect of losing others like it, has made many Swiss ask themselves how many of those alpine traditions could disappear.
阿尔卑斯山是瑞士身份的核心。每个山谷如勒琴河谷都有独特文化。Kalbermatten曾自豪地向游客展示Blatten的古老木屋，教当地方言。失去Blatten及类似村庄的威胁，让许多瑞士人担忧阿尔卑斯传统将消失多少。
Angus MacKenzie 'I'll never forget it. The earth shook.' Fernando Lehner recalls the day of the landslide
Angus MacKenzie"永难忘怀，地动山摇" Fernando Lehner回忆滑坡当日
Today, Blatten lies under millions of cubic metres of rock, mud, and ice. Above it, the mountain remains unstable. When they were first evacuated, Blatten's residents, knowing their houses had stood there for centuries, believed it was a purely precautionary measure. They would be home again soon, they thought. Fernando Lehner, a retired businessman, says no one expected the scale of the disaster."We knew there would be a landslide that day… But it was just unbelievable. I would never have imagined that it would come down so quickly."And that explosion, when the glacier and landslide came down into the valley, I'll never forget it. The earth shook."
如今Blatten被数百万立方米的岩石泥土掩埋。山上仍不稳定。最初撤离时，村民以为只是预防措施——毕竟房屋已屹立数百年。退休商人Fernando Lehner说无人预料灾难规模："我们知道会有滑坡...但难以置信会如此迅猛。冰川滑坡入谷的爆炸声永难忘怀，地动山摇。"
Landslides are 'more unpredictable'
山体滑坡"更难以预测"
The people of Blatten, keen to get their homes back as soon as possible, don't want to talk about climate change. They point out that the Alps are always dangerous, and describe the disaster as a once in a millennium event. But climate scientists say global warming is making alpine life more risky. Matthias Huss, a glaciologist with Zurich's Federal Institute of Technology, as well as glacier monitoring group Glamos, argues that climate change was a factor in the Blatten disaster."The thawing of permafrost at very high elevation led to the collapse of the summit," he explains.
迫切想回家的Blatten村民不愿谈论气候变化，称阿尔卑斯本就危险，此次是千年一遇事件。但气候学家Matthias Huss指出全球变暖增加山区风险："高海拔冻土融化导致峰顶坍塌...冰川退缩也削弱了山体稳定性。气候变化全方位参与了这场灾难。"
Matthias Huss Glaciologist Matthias Huss argues that climate change was a factor in the Blatten disaster
Matthias Huss 冰川学家认为气候变化是Blatten灾难的因素
"This mountain summit crashed down onto the glacier… and also the glacier retreat led to the fact that the glacier stabilised the mountain less efficiently than before. So climate change was involved at every angle." Geological changes unrelated to climate change also played a role, he concedes - but he points out that glaciers and permafrost are key stabilising factors across the alps. His team at Glamos has monitored a record shrinkage of the glaciers over the past few years. And average alpine temperatures are increasing. In the days before the mountain crashed down, Switzerland's zero-degree threshold – the altitude at which the temperature reaches freezing point – rose above 5,000 metres, higher than any mountain in the country."It is not the very first time that we're seeing big landslides in the Alps," says Mr Huss."I think what should be worrying us is that these events are becoming more frequent, but also more unpredictable."
"峰顶坍塌冲击冰川...同时冰川退缩使其稳定山体的作用减弱。气候变化在各个环节都起了作用。"他承认非气候因素的地质变化也有影响，但强调冰川和冻土是阿尔卑斯山的关键稳定因素。其团队记录到近年冰川创纪录退缩，山区平均气温上升。山崩前几日，瑞士零度等温线升至5000米以上，超过境内所有山峰。"阿尔卑斯大型滑坡并非首次，但令人担忧的是其频率增加且更难以预测。"
Angus MacKenzie Blatten's residents lost their homes, church and farms: living below a mountain, as many Swiss do, looks increasingly precarious
Angus MacKenzie Blatten村民失去家园、教堂和农场：如同许多瑞士人一样，山脚下生活日益危险
A study from November 2024 by the Swiss Federal Research Institute, which reviewed three decades of literature, concurred that climate change was"rapidly altering high mountain environments, including changing the frequency, dynamic behavior, location, and magnitude of alpine mass movements", although quantifying the exact impact of climate change was"difficult".
瑞士联邦研究院2024年11月研究综述三十年文献后认同气候变化"正快速改变高山环境，包括阿尔卑斯山体运动的频率、动态、位置和规模"，尽管量化其确切影响仍"困难"。
More villages, more evacuations
更多村庄，更多撤离
Graubünden is the largest holiday region in Switzerland, and is popular with skiers and hikers for its untouched nature, alpine views and pretty villages. The Winter Olympics was hosted here twice - in the upmarket resort of St Moritz - while the town of Davos hosts world leaders for the World Economic Forum each year. One village in Graubünden has a different story to tell. Brienz was evacuated more than two years ago because of signs of dangerous instability in the mountain above. Its residents have still not been able to return, and in July heavy rain across Switzerland led geologists to warn a landslide appeared imminent.
格劳宾登是瑞士最大度假区，以原始自然风光和美丽山村吸引滑雪徒步者。圣莫里茨举办过两届冬奥会，达沃斯每年举办世界经济论坛。但该地区的Brienz村两年前因山体不稳撤离，居民至今未能返回。7月暴雨后地质学家警告滑坡迫近。
Angus MacKenzie Average alpine temperatures are increasing, say scientists. Meanwhile glaciers are shrinking
Angus MacKenzie 科学家称阿尔卑斯平均气温上升，同时冰川退缩
Elsewhere in Switzerland, above the resort of Kandersteg, in the Bernese Oberland region, a rockface has become unstable, threatening the village. Now residents have an evacuation plan. There too, heavy rain this summer raised the alarm, and some hiking trails up to Oeschinen Lake, a popular tourist attraction, were closed. Some disasters have claimed lives. In 2017, a massive rockslide came down close to the village of Bondo, killing eight hikers. Bondo has since been rebuilt, and refortified, at a cost of $64 million. As far back as 2003, the village of Pontresina spent millions on a protective dam to shore up the thawing permafrost in the mountain above. Not every alpine village is at risk, but the apparent unpredictability is causing huge concern.
伯尔尼高地Kandersteg度假区上方的岩壁也不稳定，威胁村庄，居民已有撤离计划。今年暴雨导致通往旅游胜地厄希嫩湖的部分步道关闭。2017年Bondo村附近岩崩造成8名徒步者遇难，该村耗资6400万美元重建加固。早在2003年Pontresina村就花费数百万建造防护坝支撑上方融化的冻土。并非所有山村都面临风险，但难以预测性引发巨大担忧。
The debate around relocation
关于搬迁的争论
Blatten, like all Swiss mountain villages, was risk mapped and monitored; that's why its 300 residents were evacuated. Now, questions are being asked about the future of other villages too. In the aftermath of the disaster, there was a huge outpouring of sympathy. But the possible price tag of rebuilding it also came with doubts. An editorial in the influential Neue Zürcher Zeitung questioned Switzerland's traditional - and constitutional - wealth distribution model, which takes tax revenue from urban centres like Zurich to support remote mountain communities. The article described Swiss politicians as being"caught in an empathy trap", adding that"because such incidents are becoming more frequent due to climate change, they are shaking people's willingness to pay for the myth of the Alps, which shapes the nation's identity." It suggested people living in risky areas of the Alps should consider relocation.
Blatten像所有瑞士山村一样经过风险测绘和监测，因此300名居民得以提前撤离。如今其他村庄的未来也引发疑问。灾难后同情如潮涌来，但重建的高昂成本也带来质疑。《新苏黎世报》社论质疑瑞士传统的财富分配模式——从苏黎世等城市抽取税收支持偏远山村，称政客陷入"共情陷阱"，由于气候变化使此类事件频发，动摇人们对塑造国家认同的"阿尔卑斯神话"的付费意愿，建议风险区居民考虑搬迁。
Preserving the alpine villages is expensive. And Neue Zürcher Zeitung was not the first to question the cost of saving every alpine community, but its tone angered some. While three quarters of Swiss live in urban areas, many have strong family connections to the mountains. Switzerland may be a wealthy, highly developed, high-tech country now, but its history is rural, marked by poverty and harsh living conditions. Famine in the 19th century caused waves of emigration. Mr Kalbermatten explains that the word"heimat" is hugely important in Switzerland."Heimat is when you close your eyes and you think about what you did as a child, the place you lived as a child."It's a much bigger word than home." Ask a Swiss person living for decades in Zurich or Geneva, or even New York, where their heimat is, and for many, the answer will be the village they were born in. For Mr Kalbermatten and his sister and brothers, who live in cities, heimat is the valley where people speak Leetschär, the dialect they all still dream in.
保护山村代价高昂。《新苏黎世报》并非首个质疑此成本的声音，但其语气激怒了一些人。尽管四分之三瑞士人居住在城市，许多人与山区有深厚家族联系。瑞士如今虽是富裕发达国家，但其历史植根于贫困艰苦的乡村。19世纪饥荒引发移民潮。Kalbermatten解释"heimat"(故乡)一词在瑞士极为重要："是闭眼时想起的童年生活和地方，比'家'意义更广。"即使生活在苏黎世、日内瓦或纽约数十年的瑞士人，多数人的heimat仍是出生村庄。对Kalbermatten和城市生活的兄妹们，heimat是人们说勒琴方言的山谷，他们仍用此方言做梦。
Imogen Foulkes Traditional wooden masks called Tschäggättä are unique to that valley
Imogen Foulkes 名为Tschäggättä的传统木面具是该山谷独有
The fear is that if these valleys become depopulated, other aspects of unique mountain culture could be lost too - like the Tschäggättä, traditional wooden masks, unique to the Loetschental valley. Their origins are mysterious, possibly pagan. Every February, local young men wear them, along with animal skins, and run through the streets. Mr Kalbermatten points to the example of some areas of northern Italy where this loss of culture has happened."[Now] there are only abandoned villages, empty houses, and wolves."Do we want that?"
担忧在于若这些山谷人口流失，独特山地文化如勒琴河谷独有的Tschäggättä木面具(可能源自异教)也将消失——每年二月当地青年戴此面具披兽皮跑过街道。Kalbermatten以意大利北部为例："那里只剩废弃村庄、空屋和狼。这是我们想要的吗？"
Angus MacKenzie Lukas Kalbermatten believes the site can be cleared by 2028, with Blatten's first new houses ready by 2029.
Angus MacKenzie Lukas Kalbermatten相信2028年可完成清理，Blatten首批新房2029年就绪
For many, the answer is no: An opinion poll from research institute, Sotomo, asked 2,790 people what they most cherished about their country. The most common answer? Our beautiful alpine landscape, and our stability. But the poll did not ask what price they were prepared to pay.
多数人答案是否定的。Sotomo研究所民调显示瑞士人最珍视美丽的阿尔卑斯风光和稳定。但民调未询问他们愿为此付出多大代价。
Trying to tame a mountain
试图驯服大山
Boris Previsic, the director of the University of Lucerne's Institute for the Culture of the Alps, says that many Swiss, at least in the cities, had begun to believe they had tamed the alpine environment. Switzerland's railways, tunnels, cable cars and high alpine passes are masterpieces of engineering, connecting alpine communities. But now, in part because of climate change, he suggests, that confidence is gone."The human induced geology is too strong compared to human beings," he argues."In Switzerland, we thought we could do everything with infrastructure. Now I think we are at ground zero concerning infrastructure."
卢塞恩大学阿尔卑斯文化研究所所长Boris Previsic表示许多瑞士人(至少城市居民)曾以为已驯服高山环境。瑞士的铁路、隧道、缆车和高山通道是连接山村的工程杰作。但如今部分因气候变化，这种信心已消失。"人类引发的地质力量远超人力。我们曾以为基础设施能解决一切，如今在这领域却归零。"
Boris Previsic Boris Previsic says that many Swiss, at least in the cities, had begun to believe they had tamed the alpine environment
Boris Previsic Boris Previsic称许多瑞士人曾以为已驯服高山环境
The village of Blatten had stood for centuries."When you are in a village which has existed already for 800 years, you should feel safe. That is what is so shocking." In his view, it is time to fight against these villages dying out."To fight means we have to be more prepared," he explains."But we have to be more flexible. We have always also to consider evacuation." At the end of the day, he adds,"you cannot hold back the whole mountain". In the village of Wiler, Mr Previsic's point is greeted with a weary smile."The mountain always decides," agrees Mr Bellwald."We know that they are dangerous. We love the mountains, we don't hate them because of that. Our grandfathers lived with them. Our fathers lived with them. And our children will also live with them."
Blatten村已存在数百年。"在一个存在800年的村庄里，你本应感到安全。这正是震惊之处。"他认为现在是与山村消亡抗争的时候。"抗争意味着更充分准备，也要更灵活，总要考虑撤离可能。毕竟人无法阻挡整座山。"在Wiler村，Previsic的观点得到疲惫微笑的回应。"总是大山说了算，"Bellwald赞同道，"我们知道山很危险。正因如此我们爱山而非恨山。祖辈与山生活，父辈与山生活，我们的孩子也将与山生活。"
Angus MacKenzie Helicopters carry debris from the disaster site at Blatten. Even the military is involved in the operation.
Angus MacKenzie 直升机运送Blatten灾场废墟，军方也参与行动
At lunchtime in the local restaurant in Wiler, the tables are filled with clean-up teams, engineers and helicopter crew. The Blatten recovery operation is in full swing. At one table, a man from one of Switzerland's biggest insurance companies sits alone. Every half hour, he is joined by someone, an elderly couple, a middle aged man, a young woman. He buys each a drink, and carefully notes down the details of their lost homes. Outside, along the valley's winding roads, lorries and bulldozers trundle up to the disaster site. Overhead, helicopters carry large chunks of debris. Even the military is involved. Sebastian Neuhaus commands the Swiss army's disaster relief readiness battalion, and says they must press on despite the scale of the task."We have to," he says."There are 300 life histories buried down there." The abiding feeling is one of stubborn determination to carry on."If we see someone from Blatten, we hug each other," says Mr Kalbermatten."Sometimes we say, 'it's nice, you're still here.' And that's the most important thing, we are all still here." Lead image: The village of Blatten after the disaster. Credit: EPA / Shutterstock
Wiler村餐厅午餐时分坐满清理队、工程师和直升机机组。Blatten恢复行动如火如荼。某桌坐着瑞士大保险公司代表，每半小时就接待一对老夫妇、中年男子或年轻女性，请他们喝饮料并记录损失房屋详情。山谷道路上卡车和推土机驶向灾场，直升机吊运大块废墟。军方救灾预备营指挥官Sebastian Neuhaus表示尽管任务艰巨也必须推进："那里埋着300段人生历史。"人们怀抱着顽强决心。"遇到Blatten人我们会拥抱，"Kalbermatten说，"有时说'真好，你还在这里'。最重要的就是我们都在这里。"主图：灾后的Blatten村。图片来源：EPA/Shutterstock
